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The Industrial Revolution

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in the early 18th century Western Civilization moved into a new period of growth it was an age when Society went from rural to Urban from agrarian to mechanized from simple to complex this was the Industrial Revolution there are many reasons why the industrial revolution occurred to help with those reasons into perspective we have two Scholars who specialize in its history Professor Maxine Berg and Professor Margaret Jacob I like to think of something that wasn't just focused on transformations of technology or a major burst and economic growth which is the way that many economic historians have written of the Industrial Revolution I like to also include quite substantial changes in society which took place over the course of the long 18th century the. From early in the 18th century right through into the 1830s that hole a whole Century in a sentence would be associated with the Industrial Revolution and its associated with the transformation from what was large and agree in society over into an urban society and a society that could feed itself produced enough food to feed itself and produce  + 2 provide for consumption of a big broad range of the population the best way of defining the Industrial Revolution is to say that from roughly the 1760s to the 1860s that's a hundred years in England the wealth of the nation more than doubled triples you have a growth rate in place many of those years off of Bounce 3 to 45% per annum English economic historian Arnold toynbee first popularized the term Industrial Revolution when he used it to describe England economic development during those hundred years since then it's grown to mean much more including the technological socio-economic and cultural changes that rock the world during that time nowhere where these changes more apparent than in Great Britain were most historians agree the Industrial Revolution began and I think we really have to constantly be looking to Asia to explain the origins of the Industrial Revolution in in Europe we have to remember that the first city with a million people with a j Tokyo in Japan during the 18th century and that was long before there was anything approaching a city of that size in Europe Asia India China Japan these were places of extremely large City so the urban experience was one that was part of the long course of history in Europe we also had a lot of smaller cities alongside large cultural agrarian sectors what we see happening in Britain is a very is Britain setting itself apart becoming something that was different than the experience in the rest of Europe items belong to the school that sees key as lying in technological advancement and this sense I'm old-fashioned enough to point to the steam engine and say yes you can have free sample in the late 18th century there were pipe making factories in the Netherlands where they turned out handmade a million pipes a year distribution all over Europe is that industrious at Park and just Revolution no it is not cause it's hand labor and if you had been able to outfit such an air Factory was a steam engine that put in movable Parts if you can I mean I don't know how you make a pipe out of move with moving Parts where you can weave cotton for example you could have trouble that production rate in a year one of the reasons put forward as to why the Industrial Revolution began Britain is there an have an abundance of Natural Resources especially in coal and iron ore however other European countries were also richly endowed in natural resources the Netherlands was built Pete and Scandinavia had a lot of trees and water as well as iron or the British were the first to develop the technology to exploit their natural resources and adapt them to large-scale production and that certainly was contributing factor but it was not the only one if you believe that the the key element in early Industrial Development is technological then what you got to try to answer the big question because why is there that kind of technological sophistication in England and nowhere else cuz this is true by set the 1790s in Manchester for example there are about 25 steam-driven cotton factories we won't see a steam-driven Cotton Factory in France until 1810 is the very first one that opened up don't you get your horse back to saying what is it about the English and what I've argued in a book called scientific culture in the making of the industrial West is that scientific education scientific knowledge and I'm just ending of machines and mechanisms had permeated more deeply and more widely in England than was the case anywhere else in the world and I make this argument based educational records on scientific lecturing that occurs in towns and cities throughout the 18th century there just is there more books being published that are textbooks in applied mechanics in England and more scientific lectures available the cricket on the schools is more scientifically oriented in England than is the case even in the Netherlands which is one thinks of his advanced favorite country in this. And certainly more than in France another Advantage England had at the time was the nature of social change it was experiencing this was a very Urban Society the one where Urban growth was very important over the course of the eighteenth century and this didn't just mean the rapid growth of a metropolis like London which did indeed roll very rapidly or the. 1700 a city of about 500000 going to nearly well close to a million by early the early 19th century what the British were what was much more important for the British was the developer a whole range of smaller and middle-sized towns and Industrial and Commercial towns it was towns like Liverpool Manchester Birmingham Sheffield these town that sound went with industry and commerce Goodwill as these two classes came to. other European cities in Britain there was also a substantial middle class we talked about the middling classes and the 18th century this is his whole group ranging from from Marcus and some new people in the trades people in Commerce industry the professions they range over the hole of a very wide social Spectrum this is a society that is generating out a lot of these people they have a whole range of new consumer demands they have a whole different approach to life than a society would where we have a huge disparity in High Rockies in a huge disparity in income they between an aristocracy and the poor as the population of the Cities increase the number of people in agriculture decline a way had to be found for the smaller World labor force to produce enough food to feed the country that stimulated the need for agrarian reform relatively to the rest of the population this is a smaller rural labor for producing enough food to feed the country until the well until nearly the end of the eighteenth century when food is starts to be imported on a bigger scale Satan was only started to be imported because the British it was to the greater advantage of the British to put their resources to Industry to to producing industrial output and this labor force is real labor Sports is able to produce this because of a series of changes and agricultural organization how Farms were organized and manage and a series of what we've called logical Innovations in agriculture but they're really Innovations in the types of food crops that were overgrown and the rotations in which these crop rotation they were not really about mechanical technological change until later on and that was that was this big achievement in Britain and it wasn't going to see what that was admired enormously by other Continental countries Revolution farmer shirt, and pastures and Fields has the need for increased efficiency grew these common land were divided into compact private Estates that were more easily farmed the landlord how did their lands to tenant farmers who then hired laborers to work their Farms this became known as the landlord tenant system some landlords personally manage their Estates and some didn't but in either case they knew that their profits would be greater if the tenant farmers who applied the latest agricultural techniques ran the Farms oddly enough many of these techniques were introduced to a large extent from other parts the east coast of England Norfolk and Suffolk became a conduit a route for introducing a whole series of root crops crops of the British really had thought of much before but a whole series of new seeds and plants were brought over from the Netherlands from northern France some very important when particularly the Netherlands and other parts of but you're up and they were there they're introduced into the crop rotations the crops were rotated several times and this allowed for a fee the sort gave the soil arrested gave the soil accounts of replenishing its nutrients with the introduction of a whole series of root crops this is for the famous one we think of is turnip to the famous turnip Townsend sort of introducing the turn up but it was just a symbol for a whole series of other kinds of roots we shall introduce new nutrients into the soils and also from Holland there were new methods of draining the soil and green land and a whole series of other improvements which were introduced and applied well above subsistence not only did the van for food rise but also for manufactured goods one of the stories frequently left out of the accounts of the Industrial Revolution is the part played by consumers I have to say I prefer a a theory of history I mean obviously this has to become a story of fashion and style and shopping and desire the the key initiator of this is the response of Europeans to new consumer goods which they'd never really they never seen before they never come across on a large still coming in on those Ships coming to eat great East India Company Ships coming in from Asia China Japan and India and bringing with them cargo loads wonderful still a fantastic printed cotton goods and Porcelain and this brought about as absolute transformation in the material cultures I've not just a very rich those were the only people who used to have access to these wonderful exalted Goods the danger it would be industrious pollution is to simplify I've committed that sin in the sense that I've well I think the key here is technological transformation and yes it is but the reality is if there's nobody out there to buy what you are mass producing you might as well go home and the fact is that there's enough money circulating in England there are enough people interested in small consumption buying everything from buttons to buckles to teapots to cotton fabric can be made into a Friday face the fact that you've got that kind of Home Market is immensely important in making industrialization possible in England as the population of loaded British manufacturers soon found out that the traditional methods of production could not keep Pace with the increased demand for goods they needed to develop ways to turn out products in mac and to do it cheaply technology and invention soon became the lifeblood of the Industrial Revolution during the eighth be the later 17th and 18th century Europeans discovered caution and caught beautiful fine figured cotton beautiful printed cotton Muslims etcetera brought in from India so it was East Indian trade wheat produced again another amazing luxury good everybody wanted and they all either had to pay the prices that we're being charged by the East India Company will sometimes these weren't so high but on the other hand they were Chad the the Imports were challenged by the woman manufacturers were worried about losing their market for Woolen Goods so people look for ways of producing these at home how could we spin these beautiful find cotton without masses of hand labor and that was a challenge that was faced by and and taken out by a number of inventive Minds during that this time many of the patents inventors applied for back then we're for things not usually associated with the Industrial Revolution for example a recipe for porcelain the British head cold needed a passion for porcelain and tried hard to develop a product that would rival porcelain made by the Japanese and the Chinese which of the time was the finest but the inventions that have the Great in fact we're in the manufacturing of textiles James Hargreaves was a poor uneducated British spinner and Weaver he was also an inventor his spinning jenny could spend multiple spools of thread at 1 the improving that it offered was it it didn't just have one spindle it had 10 so it meant that you could produce 10 times the output that has a single hand spinner could could produce but if you can produce put 10 spindles on a Jenny frame you can put a hundred on or you can put a thousand on so these Technologies we're kind of on twist it was it wasn't much of a leap to see that if you put these in a not just the workshop but a lot of factory you could make amazing profits out of this to other things that improve the speed of spinning thread or Richard arkwright's water frame and Samuel Crompton spinning mule which produce high-quality thread and yarn in 7 33 John Key has patented flying shuttle increased weaving speed and also tolerated the weaving of wider Fabrics and in 1785 an English clergyman by the name of Ben Cartwright patented the first Power driven machine Loom with textiles the key becomes finding ways in these ways are found by the 1760s of cake the raw caught taking a bale of cotton that has literally been picked six months earlier by slaves in the Carolinas put into a veil put onto a ship whines up in Manchester you open that Dale and English have found our ways of making that cotton into thread by spinning it on Machines of multiple moving parts to make the thread much more quickly and then they've also found ways of taking a shuttle and like a big needle almost and slipping it through Fred that's already been lined up and making cloth by machine do free sample by the 1820s they in Manchester they were making cotton of the quality in the weave of what we today where that the weave was tight that smooth so let me give you an example of what this means there was in India driving cotton industry workers spinning cotton and hand cloth by 1820 it became possible to export cotton from India send it to Manchester have it woven into cloth in the mechanized actress sent back to India and sold more cheaply than what the local Indian had we could produce and it's troid the Indian cotton industry just demolished in a decade another invention that was key to the rapid development of the textile industry was the watt steam engine his wasn't the first steam engine but his patent is the one that launched the Industrial Revolution play human animal and water power with a reliable low-cost source of energy now for the first steam engines that were introduced or not 4 water power but to cement water power these were new common reciprocating engines what they did was it they could raise more water and pump that water more effective me to go over the water will it was actually the washer wheel it was turning wheels of Texoma team but it was they were supplemented by the steam engines and if the engines were also used extensively for pumping water out of the mine out of copper mines in Cornwall for the first of all they were used in Coal Mines so there's a widespread use of these reciprocating engines the new common engine and variations on the new common engine from early in the 18th century what's important here is that what figures out that the way to conserve energy is to have a separate condenser so you got two sites where the team is at always you got one fight. Means you don't have to take a single-cylinder cool it down and refill it with steamed cuz that was enormously wasteful of time and energy are used primarily to pump water out of copper tin mines it wasn't long when businessman saw a market for steam power in other Industries as well the urge want to invent an Engine That Could bypass the water wheel and directly turn the wheels of Industry even if you think about how the steam engine goes the being goes like this will the next important events is to translate this our Zone motion into circular motion and then can bring that circular motion right into a factory The Cotton Factory in style of Corey Mill factories perfect example you can that you can actually see the the engine moving Eddie Pike coming up to translate that into a circular motion in the circular motion being led into the factory and coming down on belts and turn moves these machines so the key is very Avery motion is very important the steam engine became the backbone of the modern Factory the use of steam power LED in turn to increase demand for coal and iron the production of iron played a significant role in the industrialization of Britain as well as other parts of the continent chicken in the 18th century which makes it possible to produce iron on a huge scale and to produce the kind of iron that would create the infrastructure for industry for making machines or building Fireproof trees with iron frame buildings for all of irons benefits it also had various disadvantages the major one being its brittleness this was overcome with the development of Steel what's stronger more resilient and more flexible it wasn't but still was new in fact it was used extensively through the 18th century and making luxury goods but the refining process took quite a long time I'm required highly-skilled workers to be profitable away had to be found to mass-produce it that was made possible in the mid eighteen hundreds when Henry Bessemer patented a revolution steel making process basically steel is made by removing impurities from pig iron this is done by melting the pig iron and then bringing the molten metal into contact with air that's basically speeds up this process by injecting air directly into the molten iron every new Venture like steelmaking required enormous capital yes Capital you can't do anything without Finance you may have great ideas but you've got to find a backer or your unless you're very rich yourself you're not going to get very far with it and I think the super pretty and been pretty creative over this in the annex it suited the kind of industrialization that they had at the time remember they were the first to industrialize so everything was on a much smaller scale it demanded much less capital in those countries that came along in the eights in the 19th century and started their industrial revolutions then they were in a completely different ballpark England and other parts of Europe or highly commercial Nations play The Long engaged in global trade and had Banking and credit instruments already in place lending and borrowing money was something that was natural to people the way capital is transforming the eighteenth-century is it the same people who make the money in Commerce and trade trade in every kind of important sport including these are not on the whole the same people who become Adventures are industrious instead they are the people who loaned the money to the people who become inventors and industrialists so you have an interface between the commercial in the industrial that is made possible through the exchange of Capital out of course interest rates there's something here for everyone British Bank spread across the country throughout the 18th century continue to oil the wheels of this new market economy some of them founded by the industries themselves one of the more famous was the Rothschild Bank Manchester to engage in the trade in cost of goods and then move down to London sets up a bank and there's so those Bank those Merchants Banks and number of the the the early Banks were very close industrial Association in addition to these large bags there were all kinds of smaller Regional banks sometimes called country banks that firms could turn to for Capital unlike their big brothers that handled long-term Lending thanks usually dealt in short-term loans they traded in what was one of the most widely used instruments of credit at the time the bill of exchange which was basically a promissory note or kind of long-term check in order for farmers and entrepreneurs to meet the growing demand for their goods merely growing or manufacturing product wasn't enough they also had to contend getting those products to Market centers were earlier focused on London getting cross getting things to the London to the London Market this was the major domestic Market Amy the early eighteenth Century it was also the major exporting point in the early 18th century if you were a producer of luxury goods you had to get in the London if you wanted to get them sold cuz even people in the region around you the wealth of the Gentry the wealthy middle class and they didn't buy luxury goods from their local shops they went to London to buy their luxury goods one of the natural advantages they had was that they were not this into this was not and a great deal could be transported up and down the coast to the coastal trade was incredibly important in the 17th and the earlier 18th century Cole was sent down the coast to London from Newcastle great news Cole traded for the very much instead of coasting trade there's a coasting trade right round the country but the next problem was how to get things from the middle of the country out the coach and this is where the canal systems came in the British Canal system is the infrastructure of the Industrial Revolution without it could not have gotten the coal out of the mountains and valleys and brought down to Industrial sites where you got water power available or now you can use coal power so they can and absolutely fundamental and again you can see the importance of scientific culture in the canal system you the same wall house that what kind of scientific knowledge do you have to have to build a kit out truly any dig a trench this is true the trick in early Canal building is to dig trenches and move water up and down over hilly terrain and there you have to understand the basic principles of hydro Dynamics and hydro Statics so it requires an understanding of that water has a weight and that you require a certain amount of energy in order to lift that weight and if you can't figure that out you cannot build a canal over terrain another important development in transportation was the development of the steam locomotive however it wasn't until 1830 that the first steam train the famous rocket was built before that rails have been used extensively in coal mining and other Industries to move materials by means of horse-drawn wagons eventually the steam engine was developed in ships as well know the story of the Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain it's impossible to tell it without including other important European countries that contributed to its expansion among them Scandinavia Belgium France Germany and Italy among their biggest contributions was skilled labor if they needed skilled labor they had the knowledge Network to to focus on this and to get people over they knew where they could get the skilled labor that they needed and they they set off to find it and vice-versa the Europeans came over to Britain to recruit labor forces for the new industrial techniques that the British were developing as they wanted to try for them to other parts of Europe they came here and of course we have the extensive Place they'd by of the Scandinavians in the the iron industry and the the export of high-quality iron at a cruise stage of the the early Industrial Revolution rapid expansion of the cotton industry and especially the application of steam power and the expansion of coal an iron production this was an experience that was also shared and there were many close connections between Britain and areas in northern France Belgium Belgium was an industrialised are in Europe it had the cold it had early uses of steam power and the iron industry is rapidly develop their and in addition to this we have 80 areas in northern France where we see like a rapid growth of the coffin industry on the extensive use of steam power and application of steam power there as well with so many natural resources one might have expected the birth of the end real Revolution to be in the German states what was lacking in Germany at the time however was a social structure to support such a movement was my sin Factory near. this was the first European porcelain Factory and they had found the recipe on by an alchemist but funded massively by Augustus the strong the Saxon ruler at the top but this did not lead to industrialization because again we have the some these courtly states with enormous social divisions between the rich and the poor and between me the aristocracy and the ordinary people and it took some time before there was a kind of rude to industrialization in Germany but this becomes a story of a German integration and the integration of the German states and certainly major nineteenth-century story where we see then very rapid industrialisation based initially Prussia back to me and then brought on board after interpretation the Industrial Revolution gradually made its way from Continental Europe to North America but what's on our shore is it spread very quickly besides being richly endowed with natural resources America's Puritan ethic coupled with a belief in free enterprise spark technological innovation and economic growth live with the that the colonists and it was one of the features of American industrialization that they had a lot of inventive and ingenious some people who came over in the first wave migration they were often they were it was a youthful population and one that often came with skills that they could have could have fly and they apply these skills to pull machine parts new new resort space a country with a lot of water power a country with a lot of wood and so we get this one famous American Ingenuity of the rising and everybody was out there inventing create a new processes many of America's early Innovations were made in the textile industry in the late 18th century a textile worker from England by the name of Samuel Slater used copies of our Crites machine designs to open a cop email in Rhode Island we grew up with Innovations like Eli Whitney's cotton gin which vastly increase the supply of cotton fiber to the Mills and Cyrus McCormick Reaper which revolutionized crop harvesting well there's many things about the American version of Industrial Revolution that are similar and different from the British vs American industrial revolution of the late 19th century the manufacturing of small items that can be sold to individuals or families and in this sense that the the greatest symbol of I think of the American Industrial Revolution is the motor car for assembly plant. The assembly plant has has it its infrastructure all the basic principles of any Cotton Factory you have moving Parts horsepower draw I'm not from human hands but from machine our you have a division of labor to the workers were from certain piece of it and to assemble something that produces greater transportation for individuals and has an m a market built into it and so you have a very market-driven or consumer-driven Industrial Revolution in the United States the Americans continue very rapid rate I've progressed through the the early 19th century but the period of their real coming-of-age is the the mid to the late 19th century and that's where I mean it really was the the 1851 exit mission in Britain where the British realize they really did have a challenge over the washer the gun technologies that were brought over a number of the new technologies that were on disc at the great exhibition 1851 show that there was a real Force there in the offing and then we have the massive growth in in population urbanization and I'm all these absolutely method necessary cases for the rapid development of industry and technology that human Ingenuity it's easy to romanticize the Industrial Revolution as a success story however for many people who lived through that time it was a success story not without paying with modernization, price one might say it was an example of taking two steps forward and one step backward factories were the Djinn was just unbelievable and in addition the factory floor was made out of wood and these machines themselves rewarding and when all these missing machine start up sound and the motion the vibration was just body breaking simile Honda and these basic pollution problems that are environmental are inherit industrial and the trick is to pull off Industrial Development and protect the environment another problem brought on by these new technologies was pollution people were crowded into industrial Mining and iron producing areas where fires from the various Mills burn constantly shrouding many cities in a black Pall of smoke housing conditions were unsanitary and lacking in basic amenities like water and sewage disposal differences between the unpleasant living conditions they were also full of disease and death more people died in city and then we're bored sitting here for some time there was an almost job in a very very high mortality rates in in so we have free respiratory disease says he be constantly hollering huge problem until many Colorado Amex were over 30,000 people who died the transformation to the factory system also meant that many of the traditional produces of textiles just completely lost their no jobs and this became the the reason for so much resistance to new technology during the Industrial Revolution this is not that the success story it was a success. against large-scale resistance by much of the laboring population with this was not something that was just acceptable to the most people now it might have been a lot more acceptable if they have what wages and jobs out of it but all they could see was that manufacturers were making big profits out of using these new technology for the new technologies were enemies another shortcoming the Industrial Revolution was the exploitation of children to work in factories one of the reasons why these moving Parts in the cotton Hurley cotton factories are so small on a man is so small so operate machines Charles jobs to go around replacing spindles and so they had they made it so that a little hand could get in there and and work the machine so you have child labor introduce now it's always been shot like we would say Shirley a farm is the very essence of a farmer's child labor child labor in a farm though is not quite the same thing as child labor in a setting where the factories closed off its Austin Drake Cole the air is polluted with cotton fiber it's vibrating the sound is definitely so we think that many of these children if nothing else come out by 6 years old with his name. for many families the price they paid working in these factories was offset by their game which were essentially higher incomes and steady work two things that were previously unattainable give me the choice between starving and how enough to get by factory work improve their lives these living and working conditions were so prevalent if people were led to believe that all industrial cities were the same but in truth they weren't it was distinctive and the conditions and then we're not as uniformly bad as was often assumed in time governments and workers themselves would find ways through legislation and labor organizations to solve the various prop the factory and the city every historian looked back on the Industrial Revolution with a different perspective in her book the age of Manufacturers Maxine Burger special place to the role that women and chill play in the making of the Industrial Revolution I also placed very special emphasis on transformation across a wide range of industrial sectors in the 18th and 19th my book is not just about the cotton industry it is about a wide range of industrial experiences over the course of the the century of the Industrial Revolution and also emphasizes the many different ways in which van industrial transformation took place it wasn't simply a story for factories and steam power this is a story of rapid expansion of many small workshops and the use of a whole range of different types of technology different types of off power but all of that being a part of the the story industrialization and Professor Margaret Jacob puts forward a connection between those involved in the Industrial Revolution in England and those who played a part in the enlightenment what what are the things you like Majid was play Saint Francis Pawn the here and the now on living in this world on the possibility of change and the possibility of progress and reform and I think that fed into the psychology all the early industrialist the early entrepreneur who imagined that he interesting Lee enough it was almost always he and not that he was bringing food Congress to humankind now we might look back at such a person say this tall is a greedy capitalist he's in there for making the pounder though we would say the buck but he saw himself as someone who is bringing progress to society that transforming industry was going to transform people's lives for the better now having that kind of enlightened rationale I think makes it easier to be an industrialist and sleep at night Society continues to make demands on human imagination and inventiveness and progress continues one thing we can be sure of by studying industrial history is that we know where we've been and while that's a no the awesome truth as we step into the future if we have no idea what lies ahead booster ignition and Lift-Off of the Met Rodger Rowland

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The Industrial Revolution

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