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The Revolution of 1688

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where are as it hath pleased almighty God in his great Mercy to this Kingdom to vouchsafe us a miraculous deliverance from potpourri in the arbitrary power and I have touched the nation what's the Ted William and Mary to be joint monarchs of England Scotland and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 1688 I think most of us only notice when the steenari comes around but in some parts of these islands they celebrate King Williams Victory every summer King Billy orange matches no popery these scenes remind us of another side of the Glorious Revolution via violence religious hatred 16 it's called glorious because I just seen as a turning point in English History James II try to impose Catholicism and absolutism upon his subjects they reacted by inviting when you move already to come over William who is married to the heir to the throne James's daughter Mary James was chased off the throne and into Exile in France William and Mary took the throne and definitely agreed with Parliament made it impossible for any future ruler of England to disregard his subject which has the Protestant religion was saved Parliament independent park at the government and Rule under what's guarantee England was now ready for her rise to Greatness over the next two centuries that is a traditional story later we shall look at that accuracy contemporaries in a glorious for another reason and it is this which I want to begin with Revolution was quick and totally bloodless it was a model Revolution and yet it was accomplished in the face of terrible problems and risks the festival risks you can see behind me now the weather William could not leave the Netherlands until late October and they did not land here at wrexham and Devon until the early November homes in the channel can be ferocious at that time of year it was a Gail which wrecked the Spanish Armada and that was in summer even in 1944 the British and Americans could not invade France later than August and in 1698 when William first try to invade Italy in October it ships were scattered by Gail which drove them back to Port another risk William what's the Royal Navy you had received assurances that it would not intercept him but could these be trusted when safely ashore William took his troops from Britain to Exeter he made his headquarters in Exeter Cathedral and held Court here in this room in the deanery and now he faces next risk a battle with the English army James Garfield Tommy of 30,000 men while the most William could transport was 14,000 what the Dutch troops were experienced and battle-hardened and if it came to a conflict they might win was not the point Williams role was to be England's deliver what would the English people think if they saw this invading medley of fairness killing their troops run popular in 17th century England at the Dutch especially side even today we speak of Dutch courage and then Williams done it with 15 other expressions in English referring to the watch all of them derogatory we can head to bring his army with him for his own safety but that I make did not listen the risks it merely altered them but we have not yet men the greatest risk that William was taking the risk to his own country the Netherlands the French once before and they terrible attack of 1670 to try to destroy the Netherlands they were rebuffed then why the desperate efforts of the Dutch Louis XIV regarded with particular losing this Republic of protestant shopkeepers if William took half the Dutch me over to England and that the best of Shirley Louis would strike again and if he did what would stop him and indeed given this very obvious danger why should the Dutch government allow William to take away half their army just for him to become king of England the meaning of office income as they ruled the Netherlands could calculate risks to a nicety they would not back dangerous Gamble if they did so why William in the Dutch government of course we're not the only people taking risks in 1688 the Englishmen route to Indian inviting him to come over we're in a terrible Double Jeopardy firstly from the law for the plaintiff or an invasion to remove your prince is very plain treason it was also the very grave danger that their plans could miscarry and plunge England into a second Civil War why should men of power and influence the rulers of England reason and Civil War in order to put a far enough on the throne of England we therefore have to problems why did William and the Dutch and the English conspirators take this the risks and two how did they get away with it given the risks why was 1688 so successful the answer to the first question is simple they took these risks because to do nothing wasn't even greater risk they acted as they did because they had no choice and it was the actions of two kings which left them with no choice James II of England Louis XIV of France let us take James first it is commonly said that when James II became king in 1685 intended to impose kefalas and arbitrary government upon England recent scholarship extended to qualify this it is suggested that he had no conscious plan to impose potheri and Turney Road carry out to policies which seemed reasonable to him but which taken together and proceed with resolution could very understandably frightened his subjects in the first place you wanted to provide full coloration and Civic equality for Catholics he was himself a convert to Catholicism at the mature age of 35 little the convicts enthusiasm for his new face now he was in a hurry or he was an aging 52 when he came to the throne and his brother Charles had died at 55 James did not have much time another priority James was Trey rush through which to expand the size of the English army Amir six thousand men under Charles II it was obviously too small for the dangerous world of seventeenth-century politics James and Krista to all the thirty thousand men and he may have planned to double this bigger or in 1688 he began building a new grand Storehouse which could hold the arms and equipment for sale 2000 men ironically it was completed by William the third and Williams motive appears on this pediment preserved in the Tower of London the only part of the building which city what is the changes policies encountered strong opposition in the 1650s Cromwell had ruled England with a large standing army in 1685 used his large army to wipe out French protestantism with James be tempted to do the same similarly any Toleration for Catholics was unacceptable to the Protestant 40 my 6095 one and a half centuries of protestant propaganda and Catholic intolerance and driven anti-catholicism deep into the English character it was not just an idea I believe it was a gut Prejudice violent emotion it was formerly believed that if Catholics were tolerated and allowed into positions of power their religion would make them persecute artist as a result both of James his policies were resisted and this in Rage to him both policies with reasonable and he was amused really committed to them especially to toleration finally James was a very stubborn man like any strong-minded ruler he was determined to implement policies which he saw as he said you would find ways of forcing them through but always staying just within the law best James dispensed individual Catholics from the Opera end of the 1673 test act which banned them from public office Catholics report into the government and into the army. Maudlin College Oxford the king tried to impose a Catholic President up on he got his way but he had the speckle the fellows to do so James also ordered the suspension of the penal laws against Catholics as a whole instructed the clergy of England to read this document from the pulpit again there was opposition seven Bishops went to the tar for leaving it they were put on trial and Equipment teaching Multiverse Applause the Motrin Fellers the Bishops and probably most of the clergy has a whole resisted the king because of their fears for the Future Would Catholics in Oxford be followed by Catholic appointment within the church Toleration would destroy the Anglican Church is Monopoly in religion could the church survive the loss of that Monopoly it was the same in other areas of the King was free to appoint him so ever he please does Justice of the Peace but James replaced the total of 257 JP's throughout England because I would not support Toleration for Catholic in one year 6097 you replace the Lord Lieutenant of 16 counties government office holders offices in the Army had cause for alarm to already there were more Catholic but it was none that James and came to shortly to remodel the army in Ireland this evening replacing Porter stands by Catholics almost totally with 7,000 officers and Men dismissed what games do the same in England what the Korea of protestant offices such as John Churchill the future Duke of Marlborough be at risk to summarize then two things are important about James's religious policy it's written the positions as well as the principles of his protest in subject JP's and army officers clergy and government officials also a threat today jobs in positions as well as today religious beliefs secondly it created a dangerously broad band of opposition most of what we would today cool The Establishment considered their position to be under three Church Army government officials by James's attitude towards Parliament he was determined that Toleration and equal rights for Catholics should be 1 statute passed by parliament when is first Parliament elected in 1695 would not cooperate James dismissed it even with create one which would cooperate keeping all the time within the limits of the law what towns are by res with a key because they elected Office of the members of parliament by Ed variety they were induced to surrender their chances and petitions but new ones these new charges prescribed the new rulers of the town and these men would in large part decide who represented the town in Parliament James the second's agent at Catholic lawyer named Robert Brent don't he could guarantee that over half the members of a new Parliament would support toleration but still there was no need to panic James had no son versus daughters with Protestants and the King himself was aging Stonewall for a little and the danger dead then on the 10th of June 1688 a son was born to James and once the whole time scale changed a long period of Catholic rule opened up now desperate The Establishment urge William to come over and save them five main opposition groups in the North End in the Midlands the way it's politicians and big landowners in London the opposition was led by Bishop Compton and this included disgruntled koteas and other political figures there was a group of former legs and there was finally your position in the Army sent it around so as John Church 007 issued their invitation three-year-olds two loads one bishop and one liner it reached William in the middle of July 1688 that invitation was run from desperate men desperation also explains why William and the Dutch government acted upon it the core their desperation was Louis XIV what is 1688 it seems that another French attack upon the Netherlands was in preparation the revocation of the Edict of Nantes three years early it flooded duck sounds with thousands of protestant refugees tale of Korra Court in the revocation to wear many Dutch Merchants residence in France no exception was made been in 1687 Lewis Band in Port of Dutch Herring 60,000 Netherlands lived by this train protest limit by a very severe new tariff info oh. Kim Coates Louis foreign policy also created growing alarm after European piece at being secured by the Treaty of nijmegen in 1678 the French King systemically to exploit the advantages this treaty gave him nibbling up an enclave here taking over a jurisdiction there he was eating away at the Spanish Netherlands the shelter built protected the Dutch from France obviously not Megan was not a piece but Apple's War would break out again soon by 1688 the Dutch were politically alarm economically straightened and emotionally disgusted by Lewis various actions over the past few years I could sense War coming and I badly needed a powerful new Ally William of Orange to get one Weeden was a powerful man in the Netherlands but he did not govern the country he was Olson independent ruler of all wrong tiny principality in the south of France in 1682 but still in theory ruled by William is the ruler of our own we conclude on his own initiative in doodland The Duchess States need have nothing to do with it so why was William ready to risk life and honor essentially because this cold reserved and immensely Hammond man had devoted his whole life to resisting the aggression of Louis XIV of France once before in 1672 Louis had nearly crushed to death and this is country imagery leader when was well aware that it needed a powerful new Ally and survive the next round. England was the obvious choice obvious because William was doubly connected New England he was the nephew of James II mother being the daughter of Charles the first and William had married James's eldest daughter Mary in the absence of the she would inherit the throne beautiful wife Mary would follow the direction of a husband for years there for William and patiently waited but in 1688 he could wait no longer James's policies were creating the danger of the new Civil War which would split and neutralize England then the birth of a male Heir in 1688 Mariah side as Heir Apparent William agonized English notables began appealing to him to intervene William had no choice he had to intervene losing England forever but how could you intervene if how's the Dutch Army crossed the channel Julie Louis would strike at once then a chance even friends the situation on the 3rd of June 1688 the Aging Archbishop of cologne died cologne was strategically important and it was vital to Louis XIV that the new Archbishop hippie Pro French just as the old one had been at the gym in Princess and the emperor had just defeated the tricks and hungry and we're now free to attend to the threat posed by the French at the other end the Empire Louis candidate for cologne Was Defeated and rage Louis went to war to secure cologne and by September 70,000 French troops were involved well to the south of the Netherlands the French army was committed no it was very late in the year William now had his chance and he took it on the second attempt eluded English Fleet and landed with us brixen on the 5th of November 1688 so great was his relief on finally stepping ashore the deterrent to record yet and said well what do you think of predestination now it was almost the only occasion on which this cold and reserved man lets slip The Mask over his emotions Zombieland marched into Exeter a few days before taking the road to London at the same time James II zombie was marching out to Salisbury Plain with James propose to encounter his opponent another crisis face William how could I become James without fighting a battle as we've said he knew he could only win by avoiding English bloodshed battle was avoided hopefully by his own careful preparations and partly by a stroke of what we might cool luck William have existed The Clevelander is supporting should publicly join him they did say John Churchill who was late at the wellness Palace live the defections from the Army and it was these depictions which settled James had already been deserted by some of his courtiers by members of his government and even by his second daughter and he suffered a psychological collapse he retreated with his army back to London and then on the 22nd of December he fled into Exile in France yet the irony is he was still popular with many of his subjects it was killed in the Streets of London when he was captured and brought back to the Capitol after his first attempt to flee the country is that me would probably afford if he had laid it only a thousand troops will see does a toucan William these included many of the senior officers and James believe the conventional wisdom which said the troops could not find without their offices I finally James Dean proceed the even if he fought and lost a military defeat could yet have been turned into a political victory James's collapse of nerve was best crucial sold Williams problem of how to invade without fighting a damaging battle and it's all volumes of a problem to what to do about James after he won when William land he was almost certainly clear in his own mind that he had to deposed and replaced James only the booty gain complete control of English foreign policy and commit England to war against France in Alliance with the Netherlands but it is also clear that William when he landed did not know how he was to get rid of James Apple stabbed acacian but suppose James refused imprisonment or Exile these would both create divisions and plots and what could James be charged with and would marry consent to such treatment of their father the final solution execution was unthinkable the revolution of 1688 therefore continued its history of risk irony and the unexpected right to the very end this is true too important achieved in some respects it achieved a lot of respect only a little the religious settlement t98 was far more restrictive than the fool Toleration for all James today the 1689 Toleration Act as a Protestant the same to spell rights worship but not Catholic and no religious the dentist at all could hold public offices crown of England could only be worn by an Anglican as is the case till today the king's power to suspend laws totally was entirely removed the power to dispense particular individuals from a lure what severely restricted the Army was made depends YouTube on parliamentary legislation which had to be reviewed each year judges were taken out of the Kings control the financial settlement was entirely restricted and the new king I need regular Parliament the revolution settlement of 1689 with a deliberately restricted setting abuses where remedy certain Solutions were adopted and that was all ironically the chicks and controls imposed upon the new Meineke we're hardly needed war broke out between England and France almost at 1 in 1689 and continued with I need a brief pause until 1713 huge sums of money were raised and spent with Parliament become a sensual not just in the financing of the war put on Simon running send the Revolution was made it to English rulers the limits to their power it might Parliament a permanent part of the government but it doesn't happen because the English could call upon outside intervention without William put James II of being stopped short of a second Civil War and with the ruling classes have did start another civil war William himself was only free to act because of events in Faraway hungry and cologne 6098 demonstrate how domestic events in one country are often controlled by foreign four C's of other powers finally 1698 was as we have seen with risk William was able to overcome these risks to some extent because luck was on his side but William is a major slack by careful and patient planning when the brakes came he was perfectly placed to exploit them in the end we may face a bit 1688 play glorious did it was partly lucky but the butt hole I have it was a well-planned revolution

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